Role of Hospital Administration Department in Managing Covid-19 Pandemic in India

Covid-19, just few days back, was foreign to us and now spreading its routes well in India. Starting with one case and now with 35,000+ cases, the virus is trending right now in almost every part of the country. The irony is not much is known about this novel virus, hence mortality and morbidity across the globe is on a peak. Hospitals and other healthcare facilities play a critical role in national and local responses to emergencies, such as communicable disease epidemics. The healthcare professionals need to be protected against coronavirus so that they can save other people who are in critical stage of the illness. Various command teams need to be prepared for implementation of infection control and transmission measures. However, that deals with a lot of training for the hospital staff, as well coping with surge for the resources as well as designing appropriate containment strategies. It is a complex interplay between hospital administration and the government along with the country's population.

Understanding COVID-19 transmission, health impacts and mitigation: timely social distancing is the key.

COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, first identified in China and spread globally, resulting into pandemic. Transmission of virus takes place either directly through close contact with infected individual (symptomatic/asymptomatic) or indirectly by touching contaminated surfaces. Virus survives on the surfaces from few hours to days. It enters the human body through nose, eyes or mouth. Other sources of contamination are faeces, blood, food, water, semen etc. Parameters such as temperature/relative humidity also play an important role in transmission. As the disease is evolving, so are the number of cases. Proper planning and restriction are helping in influencing the trajectory of the transmission. Various measures are undertaken to prevent infection such as maintaining hygiene, using facemasks, isolation/quarantine, social/physical distancing, in extreme cases lockdown (restricted movement except essential services) in hot spot areas or throughout the country. Countries that introduced various mitigation measures had experienced control in transmission of COVID-19. Python programming is conducted for change point analysis (CPA) using Bayesian probability approach for understanding the impact of restrictions and mitigation methods in terms of either increase or stagnation in number of COVID-19 cases for eight countries. From analysis it is concluded that countries which acted late in bringing in the social distancing measures are suffering in terms of high number of cases with USA, leading among eight countries analysed. The CPA week in comparison with date of lockdown and first reported case strongly correlates (Pearson's r = - 0.86 to - 0.97) to cases, cases per unit area and cases per unit population, indicating earlier the mitigation strategy, lesser the number of cases. The overall paper will help the decision makers in understanding the possible steps for mitigation, more so in developing countries where the fight against COVID-19 seems to have just begun.

Role of Safety Evaluation in the Process of Drug Development: A Review

The role of drug safety guideline is to protect patients from occasional, severe adverse reactions;maximum efforts are directed at initial detection and preclusion of serious events. It is projected here that drug toxicity should be demarcated based not only on dose-response relationship, but also as a function of pharmacology, chemistry, metabolism, and environmental and genetic risk aspects. An effectual process can help us recognize safety signals early and give us the opportunity to develop efficient risk minimization plan initially in the development cycle. This alertness has led many pharmaceutical sponsors to arrange internal systems and structures to effectively carry out safety assessment at all levels. Furthermore, processing tools have appeared that are designed to improve data review and pattern recognition. Keeping patient safety during clinical trials under a check, is a perilous component throughout the drug development life-cycle. Pharmaceutical sponsors should work proactively and collaboratively with all stakeholders to safeguard a systematic approach to safety monitoring.

Corona virus disease bring a new challenge for the dentistry: A review.

An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) began in the city of Wuhan in China and has widely spread worldwide. While human strains of coronavirus (CoV) are associated with about 15% of cases of the common cold, the SARS-CoV-2 may present with varying degrees of severity, from flu-like symptoms to death. It is currently believed that this deadly CoV strain originated from wild animals at the Huanan market in Wuhan, a city in Hubei province. Bats, snakes, and pangolins have been cited as potential carriers based on the sequence homology of CoV isolated from these animals and the viral nucleic acids of the virus isolated from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Common clinical signs of the infection comprises of respiratory symptoms in the form of fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection results in pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death. Standard recommendations advocated to prevent spread of infection consist of frequent hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing. This article, based on our experience and relevant guidelines and research, introduces essential knowledge about CoV in dental settings and provides recommended management protocols for dental practitioners affected areas.